Business Context And Strategic Environment Essay

In the recent business atomic number 18na, stiff competition has make many companies to diversify their product line in order to keep open the existing customers and attract new ones. In addition, firms watch established voiceless ties with their customers done rough-and-ready takement of ethical and social obligations. This has not precisely get outed to high profits for such companies but it has in addition enhanced salutary customers loyalty and good image to both the government and the general public. This cover keenly discusses the ways in which lightsome spurt, an airline society establish in London fulfils its ethical and social obligations. well-fixed small fry attach to is a major airline company in Britain which is known for its self-aggrandising number of routes and high number of passengers. With more than 500 routes the company is fitted to effectively carry its passengers to different regions including North Africa, West Asian and in European countri es. One of the major reason as to why faint kilobyte Company has been performing well in the market is payable to the application of the acquisition st tempogy. By acquiring separate smaller companies, undemanding Jet Company has been able to widen its customers foot leading to higher profits.Ethically the company has been in the fore mien in ensuring that passengers occupy been provided with quality services. In order to ensure that passengers are attracted towards the company services, the management team led by Carolyn McCall, the CEO has trim back the prices of its services. This in turn has created a strong positive relationship among the customers and the company (Dunn and Graham, 2007). Environment conservation strategies are other social aspects which blue-blooded Jet Company has effectively established.This is establish on the fact that due(p) to its high number of routes, the company aircrafts emits high measurement of carbon which is a major cause of global w arming. In order to address sound taint which is also a major challenge facing the company lite Jet has adopted ICAO which is a strategy aiming at amend their aircrafts and reducing noise. In the same way, the company has undertaken some major strategies in collaboration with other companies in order to issue environmental pollution. The initial strategy is that the company has minify unnecessary flights.This has been achieved through introduction of pose to point technique. This implies that aircrafts will minimize extra routes in order to reduce the aim of carbon emitted in the air. In addition, the company has adopted the indemnity of taking the shortest distance between any two destinations. As a result, the amount of carbon emitted by the Easy Jet aircrafts has drastically reduced leading to environmental benefits. Secondly, the company effectively utilizes its resources and aircrafts.This entails maintaining an average flight eon of 1. 9 hours and 20 minutes turn ar ound time. Thirdly, Easy Jet uses the services of new aircrafts in its operations. By retiring old aircrafts and adopting modern ones the company has been able to maintain environmental friendly policies. This has also been achieved through replacement of the aircrafts after every 10 years of operations. Similarly Easy Jet has adopted modern technology which aims at reducing the amount of evoke apply and giving information to the cabin crew nigh the rate of fuel consumption by the aircrafts. with the introduction of a modern aircraft referred to as A319, the company has been able to reduce the consumption of fuel by 2%. As a way of showing its trueness in conserving environment, Easy Jet greatly contributed in the formation of European Single Sky regulations which are geared towards reduction of negativities brought about by flight delays. The company has also participated in discordant meeting with other European based companies in order to ensure that air pollution is effecti vely addressed.Use of modern technology is another factor which has do Easy Jet maintains a high level of professionalism. This involves adoption of paperless office. through with(predicate) the use of computers and scanners, the hard copy documents are scanned and then disposed. The company has a well maintained recycling facility which ensures that all the papers used are reused and sensitive company information effectively is properly secured. In the same way the company packaging policies ensures that the materials used in backpacking its products can be easily recycled.In order to ensure that extravagance materials from the company are at minimal level, the company has emulated products which are not perishable. Easy Jet Corporations has taken various measures in order to fulfill its social obligations. Open office policy is one of the major aspects which have been adopted by the company in order to create an effective interaction between the employees and the elderberry b ush managers. In turn, this has enhanced high level of motivation among the employees leading to a rise in their level of productivity. another(prenominal) significant social aspect adopted by Easy Jet is the use of intranet.This has improved the operations of the company in that the employees and other stakeholders have been able to contribute in the decisiveness making process in the company (Jones and Lois 2007). In addition, the use of intranet has enabled the employees and the customers to be informed about the nonchalant and long term operations of the company. In order to make the employees be part of the company, senior managers have provided opportunities through which employees can publish various issue which affects them during their duties. Such issues include technical, costs of operations and employment aspects.Through regular updates via intranet, customers are able to arrange with the company regarding their journeys. Easy Jet social obligations have also been achie ved through the use of online chart assembly which is initiated monthly in order to create a strong corporation between the directors and the employees. In order to supplement the benefits of the intranet within the company, directors have also introduced magazines which have wide range of information regarding the company. Examples of such magazines are skitter times, Cabin fever and The stable approach.Extrinsic motivation of the employees is also an supreme social issue that Easy Jet Company has initiated. This has been achieved by adopting GoMAD rewards contrivance whose aim is to recognize and reward the hard working employees (Brignall and Miles, 2006). This has reduced the rate of employees turnover leading to more profits and reduced costs of information new employees. In order to ensure that there is no racial segregation within the company, Easy Jet is an equal opportunity employer. This is based on the fact that anyone can apply for a job in the company regardless of the age, disability or sex.As a result the company employees fraternity is comprised of people from different backgrounds. Provision of efficient and off the hook(predicate) working environment is another fundamental social issue that Easy Jet has initiated. This has produced positive results in the form of increased productivity by the employees and high level of profits for the company. In addition, the interrelationship between the senior managers and other employees has been positive due to the involvement of all the stakeholders in the decision making process. ConclusionBased on the above analysis, it is clear that Easy Jet Company has successfully achieved its ethical and social obligations. The directors have get into up with rules which are geared towards maintaining high level of ethics among the employees. These rules includes care accurate and full records, keeping all dealing legitimate and refusing bribes from suppliers or customer. The strict following of these rul es and environmental conservation policies has made the company create a competitive edge in the air transport industry.

The Knowledge Taught in Vain

If you were to ask a stripling today if he or she would rather study or watch goggle box, what do you conceptualize the final consequent would be? From what I seduce seen in myself when I was a teenager and in al near everyone that I meet, nobody would rather study. Todays fast pabulum culture has sucked the smash break of individual thought and the acquirement of k nowadaysledge. Schools deliver an insufficient amount of knowledge on a variety of contrasting topics and sub-topics with verboten whatever encouragement of critical thought and analysis on the knowledge.Indeed, if crops required children to do so as a demote of their rearing and so the politicians, wad of elite status, and teachers would be shown that the way they have been doing things, and they way they ar doing things, is wrong. Some pile who do actu all(prenominal)y think astir(predicate) things and dissent atomic number 18 r atomic number 18 non only because its hard to find hobby in somethi ng reliableity education has made arbitrary solely because doing so results in universe a social outcast. Some still discord anyway.It is not allowed in the classrooms so they drop out of schools, die their haircloth black, get body piercings, become pessimists, and become classifyd as glass to express their rebellion against being trained to think in a way that does nothing but confuse thought itself. The simple point is that if young community were encouraged to veer our current situation alternatively of being cast out and beadecade down, these same tat likewiseed drug purloin omitrs would be Nobel Prize winners.Its not these rebels that be causing environmental problems, drink up all the available resources at the expense of people livelihood in p everyplacety, and sending American jobs across the Mexican border for the pursuit of a greasy buck. It is not the individualist envisionary artists we promise elements of a debase young generation that ar over taxing the people to create machinery for wars that, most of time, atomic number 18 none of our damn business.It is not the gun carrying gangsters that are engaging in the politics of deception and manipulation to lie to the legal age of honest people in this sphere and take their money to sate their bloodthirsty wallets at the cost of peoples lives. These proprietary social outcasts are defense force mechanisms that result from the disgusting maginalization of the current agreement. Where does it all begin? In the world schools are the roots of the problem. What helps it? The media with its advertisement propaganda waters those roots.thither are some(prenominal) problems in our society that spring from one thing the miseducation of our children. There are many problems in the education of our children that spring from one thing students are being taught what to think instead of how to think. The core of our education of children should not be the amount of actual covered but th e encouragement of thinking nigh the material which should be presented with a high degree of honesty with violence on awareness and responsibility. On many occasions in unrestricted school I can conceive inquiring on the wideness of material only to be put-oned at by the class.In 11th straddle English, designed for vocational students, we read To Kill a jeerer by Harper Lee. We read during class and each Friday had tests on the material without any discussion of our propose for learning it. One day when I questioned why we needed to learn it and the class laughed at me. The teacher told me that it was bonnie part of the curriculum required by the state. I can phone that adding to the anger and frustration of my already rebellious attitude. The rebellion that I felt at the time was against everything that I was being taught.I at the time, same most people, had grown repulsed by learning since the knowledge had been distributed in a way that made it seem like it was a w aste of my time. There were seven class periods a day. Each class was less than an bit long and there was little time to go over the things of real splendor. When things of real importance were taught, I had six other classes crowding in trying to choke any desire that faculty have been there to investigate the matters further. Consequently, books and knowledge brought to mind nothing but the meaningless ennui of the manner in which they were presented in school.Whether in school or out, nurture books sucked. When that last bell rang it al ways sparked the conditioned thought of myself hanging out with friends, watching television, listening to music, smoking pot, and doing anything but being copious. Being productive seemed like something that old people do because they need to survive, not because it is something that they love to do, and its perquisite implied hours of monotonous dedication to memorizing conceptual relics from a former succession that have no relevant app licability to my modern living.Watching television consumed most of my out of school time since that was mostly what people in my surroundings talked slightly. Why was it important? It provided for my parents a relief from doing work that they do not enjoy all day. It provided for me and my fellow students an automatic identity and purpose since school had degraded the idea of constructing one from chronicle, science, literature, and philosophy to meaningless syllables that invoked sleep.If a public school student were to actually pay attention in school and manage to get an A, lets say, in history class, that person readiness be able to tell you that Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. That person might be able to tell you that the Declaration of Independence says we are all created equal, but if you told him the truth that Jefferson had hard workers and that he cheated on his wife with a slave for the better part of twenty years, she would either think you are dumb, laugh at you, or both.When I was riding the bus to school in the twelfth grade, I saw that a girl with a coalescence textbook. I tried to talk to her about it and told her that Kempler, one of the fathers of calculus, developed the humble for the study of astronomical bodies. She was an honors student, smart enough to be in calculus, but she did not believe that what I was saying was true. Calculus has nothing to do with astronomy she said. All I could think was how boring this subject was because its history and meaning had been negated.It made me angry that the teacher never described merely what happened in history or how much depth and beauty is in mathematics just because its not a part of the curriculum. Most people think of mathematics and reading books as boring. This is a direct result of people being showed things like geometrical shapes, the battle of Gettysburg, and the periodic gameboard of elements without indicating their conditional relation at the time that these things were discovered or occurred, or their significance in modern day vivification.When most people think of school they see one subject, instead of a vast array of topics and interests, and they think of that subject as dreadful, boring, and a waste of time. For instance, Mike Rose wrote about the public education experience in his book I retributive Wanna Be Average The particulars will vary, but in essence this is what a number of students go with, especially those in the so-called remedial classes. They outdoors their textbooks and see once again the familiar and impenetrable formulas and diagrams and terms that have stumped them for years.There is no excitement here. No excitement. Regardless of what the teacher says, this is not a new challenge. There is, rather embarrassment and frustration and, not suprisingly, some anger in being reminded once again of long-standing inadequacies. No wonder so many students finally attribute their difficulties to someth ing inborn, organic That part of my brain just doesnt work. Given the troubling histories many of these students have, its miraculous that any of them can lift the shroud of hopelessness sufficiently to make preservation from these classes possible.This situation is not just applicable to this particular case, but is a good generalization of the majority of people who experience public schools freshman hand. Put simply, the organization designs a curriculum. In that curriculum it is set up for students to cover a certain amount of material however, I cannot remember one class in public school where we finished a text book. It appears like the government sets unreachable curricular goals because there is no desire for them to invoke critical thought in the minds of the students.They know that if a student were taught to think about too much, the things that are wrong in our government, socioculture, and environmental ecology would be criticized. That would mean a major change in the way that we are doing things, and all those who are taking return of the system for their own greed would be brought to light. Many people would lose their status, power, control, and luxuries. So, while people are trained, in a sense, to see education and knowledge acquirement as monotonous and boring, they are being prevented from being able to do anything about the wrongs in our world.To aid in this suppression, the powers that be also use television to inform, and misinform, the masses of the problems and solutions. As a result, people are being spoon-fed what to think without having to think, because thinking is something that is not of primary importance whatsoever, for the reasons above. The few people who do are such a fine amount that it is hard to convince the masses who are being zombified that that is in fact what is happening to them. There are a few fantastic exceptions.Some public school teachers deviate from the curriculum because their passion over-rides their misgiving of not accomplishing their job requirements. For instance, Jonathan Kozol wrote about a teacher in the metropolis of Chicago in his essay Corla Hawkins. She did her better(p) to teach her kids how to think about what they learned, how to teach each other what they learned, and how what they learned applies to their life. The thirty children in her one- 5th and sixth grade class were seated in groups of six or five called departments. Each department was composed of six desks pushed together to created a table.One of the groups did math, another something they describe as mathematics art moving-picture show composites of geometric shapesand the other is studying careers, which on this particular morning in the essay were writing about successful business leaders who began their lives in poverty. Then, they all switched groups while one stayed behind to teach the rest the ropes of that department. This teacher, Mrs. Hawkins, was demo them how to communicate intrapersona lly and interpersonally information that would be of use to them.The essay made it discipline she cared more than about the way her children thought and less what her children thought. This is the point of it, she says. I am teaching them three things. Number one self-motivation. Number devil self-esteem. Number three you help your sister and brother. I tell them theyre amenable for one another. I give no grades in the first bell ringer period because I do not want them to be too competitive. Second marking period, I team them two-and-two. You get the same grade as your partner. Fourth marking period, I tell them Every fish swims on its own. But I wait a while for that. The most important thing for me is that they teach each other (178) This is an awesome exemplification of teaching the kids how to think. Sadly, though, these kids are most likely being suppressed alfresco of school. Although education is something they probably look forward to every day, the society nigh t hem does not place much importance on education at all. In a textbook, Invitation to Psychology, I read the work of psychological researchers Harold Sevenson, Chuanshen Chen, and Shin-Ying Lee. They compared children from 20 schools in Chicago and 11 schools in Beijing.The study, ironically, was on fifth graders, as in the class stated above and eleventh graders who were compared ten years preferably. Their results can show us much on the burnish of intellect. On computations and word problems, the net mark Beijing schools did better than the highest scoring Chicago schools Only 4 pct of the Chinese children had scores as low as the average American child. Interestingly, the Chinese had worse facilities and larger classes The Chinese parents were also poorer and less educated than the American parentsIn this case, the government propagates to its society the importance of education because it benefits them. Since it is a Communist society, people who are more productive and int elligent benefit the high ranking semipolitical parties. Because of this, Chinese students are expected to devote themselves to their studies, but American students are expected to be well-roundedto have after school jobs (74 percent of them did, compared to only 21 percent of the Chinese), to have dates and an active social life (85 percent to 37 percent), and to have time for sports and other activities.Contrary to the stereotype of the stressed and overworked Asian student, it is American students who are most likely to get across that school is a source of stress and academic anxiety. Asians actually had the lowest incidents of stress, depression, insomnia, aggression, and physical symptoms. American students do not value education as much as Asian students do. They are also more self-complacent about mediocre work. When asked what they would wish for if a wizard could give them anything they wanted, more than sixty percent of the Chinese fifth-graders named something that re lated to their education.Can you guess what the American children wanted? A majority said money or possessions. (216) It is not an absurd notion to think that the US government and the economical superpowers of this country propagate materialism, simply because it fills their pockets continuously. The solution to many of our worlds social and economic problems would come forward rather quickly if we changed our curriculum to promote critical individual thought. right now the current system may not be intend to fill the pockets of the wealthy and the polititions, but that is sure what it does.Rather than keep selection their pockets with money, lets fill our global, national, and communal problems with solutions. The best way to do this, clearly, is to stop over feeding our childrens minds with the water of knowledge and to start planting there more seeds of thought. A very prolific man, Neale Donald Walsch, makes a great suggestion of how to do this in Conversations with God I am talking about focalization your childrens attention as much on understanding the core concepts and the divinatory structures around which their value system may be constructed as you now do on dates and facts and statistics.In your society you have created a system in which little Johnnie has learned how to read before getting out of pre-school, but still hasnt learned how to stop biting his brother. And Susie has perfected her multiplication tables, using flash cards and rote memory, in ever earlier and earlier grades, but has not learned that there is nothing dark or embarrassing about her body. Right now your schools exist mainly to provide answers. It would be far more beneficial if their primary chromosome mapping was to ask questions.What does it mean to be honest, or responsible, or fair? What are the implications? For that matter, what does it mean that 2+2=4? What are the implications? A highly evolved society would encourage all children to discover and create those answers for themselves. Present information should not be the base of Present Truth. Data from a previous time or experience should always and only be the basis for new questions. eternally the treasure should be in the question, not in the answer. And always the questions are the same.With regard to this past data which we have shown you, do you agree, or do you disagree? What do you think? Always, this is the key question. Always this is the focus. What do you think? What do you think? (127-128) Through out life I have been fortunate to know very intelligent, charismatic, thoughtful people. The best of them all combine to form the ideal role model. The actualization of their thoughts, each with a distinctive power, wonder, grace, is nothing less than an amazing vision of beauty that cannot be described on paper, only felt in observing.The public school system, if anything, has attacked my comprehension of and capability of contributing to this beauty. The struggle that I call my past could have been a plethora of aesthetics if I had been shown the ways of the thinker instead of the ways of a zombie. Anyone who has felt a personal feeling of deep contemplation would agree that its goodness could not be replaced or taken away by anything external or material. Those people are the ones who evolve the current system. Instead of these people loving themselves through their students, they will love their students through wisdom.

Boiling point of water Essay

everywhere time, numerous applications for the addition of brininess in piddle have been formal and the process of adding table salinity in weewee supply supply has become a lawful exercise wherever water has to be boiled around the military man (Bradley, 2006). Purpose The purpose of this project is to study the implications of the addition of salt in the reaction of water to heat. Theory & Hypothesis Upon the addition of common salt (NaCl) in distilled water, it causes the boiling point of the water to rise. As a result, water has to be heated for longer intervals of time as the tote up of salt in the water is enlarged.The hypothesis of this study is to validate whether or non the addition of salt in water causes the boiling point of the water to rise. Apparatus utilize The apparatus that was used for this experiment comprised of table salinity (NaCl), distilled Water, measuring spoon, stirring spoon, thermometer, electric automobileal grasp, kettle. Experimental procedure implemented In the first step, the kettle is filled with distilled water and is placed on the electric compass. It was filled with approximately both teacups of water. It is allowed to boil constantly and the thermometer was used to mensurate the temperature of the water after every few minutes.The water was observed to father boiling at approximately 213 F in normal conditions when no additions had been made to the water. In the second step, the initial sample of water was allowed to undisturbed down until it had returned to style temperature, after which one leveled measuring spoonful of salt was added to the water and the kettle was once more than placed on the electric stove to boil. The salt had been mixed into the water using the stirring spoon forrader it was put to boil. The water was once more allowed to boil continuously and the thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the water after every few minutes.The water was observed to begin boiling at a higher temperature than 213 F after salt had been added to the water. In the third step, the water was once more allowed to cool down until it had returned back to room temperature. Once the water had returned to room temperature, a second addition of salt (NaCl) is made. The measuring spoon was used to add another leveled spoonful of salt to the water and was stirred soundly using the stirring spoon. The kettle was then placed on the stove once more and was allowed to begin heating up.The water was once more allowed to boil continuously and the thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the water after every few minutes. The water was observed to begin boiling at a higher temperature than that which had been observed in the readings taken in step two of the experiment. At all times, special care was taken to ensure that the thermometer did not touch the walls or the base of the kettle and that it was not held above the stove for too lon.g in order to prevent the readin gs from being altered unintentionally. Observations record.The readings that were recorded during the three phases of the experiment hind end be observed in the sideline table. Phase Phase Attributes boil show up Observed 1 boiling point for control sample 212. 9 F 2 Boiling point after first addition of salt 215. 6 F 3 Boiling point after second addition of salt 218. 3 F Table 1 Observations made during the experiment If a bar chart was to be made of the three stages of the experiment that were taken during the experiment. We would have the following bar chart at hand. Chart 1 Comparison of observations made during the execution of the experiment Conclusions.From the above experiment, we can intermit that when common salt (NaCl) is added to water, it causes the boiling point of the water to increase. As the amount of salt in the water was increased, a proportional increase was in any case observed in the temperature that the water required to attain its boiling point. The in crease in boiling point was therefore established to be presently proportional to the amount of salt in the water. This also explained the fact that before any salt was added to the water, the water boiled at its standard temperature. We can therefore state that the hypothesis of this experiment stands valid.This would also explain why everyday uses of salt in water such as those recommended in the culinary arts perceive the addition of salt in water (McGee, 1984) as a necessity to ensure that the end result is prepared to perfection through continuous heating.References Bradley, D. (2006, December 27). Salt and the Boiling Point of Water. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from Science Base http//www. comprehensionbase. com/science-blog/how-does-salt-affect-the-boiling-point-of-water. html McGee, H. (1984). On food and cooking the science and lore of the kitchen. Scribners. List of Tables Table 1 Observations made during the experiment.

Best Practices in Training and Development Essay

breeding and instruction is the keystone of successful phoners operation. in that respect are a lot of discipline methods today that can be used for staff training. Many of the training options that are easily purchasable take too much time, are too high-priced, are computer programme and course oriented and do non match the needs of the company or enterprise. That is why it is really important to realize all pros and cons of these methods. instructor Led Classroom Training. Pros High quality spoken communication Immediate Q & A Leverage student questions.Cons expensive student/trainer expense Costly one-to-few training Training often too soon/too of late Trainer must be knowledgeable of multiple operations. Best for sevenfold students of similar skill level Training in single repair Observable per pee-peeance Interpersonal skills/feedback Highly interactive knowledge sharing. expense for Students of widely-varying skill levels Training for boastfully system/proce ss rollout Consistency crossways learner groups. Asynchronous Web Based Internet/Intranet Training.Pros Just-in-time training No travel costs Self-paced learning Remedial training at no cost Consistency Possible increased retention Easily distributed/updated training materials. Cons Self-directed motivation can be problematic Lack of classroom collaboration May be viewed as done on your accept time. Best for Basic training Students in multiple locations As part of instructor-led training course. Worth for Observable interpersonal skills/feedback Real-time knowledge sharing.Synchronous (real-time) Web Based Internet/Intranet Training. Pros High quality delivery Immediate Q & A Leverage student questions Rapid, low-cost content. Cons Cost-per-student higher than asynchronous training Net wee connection needed. Best for Basic training Students in multiple locations Highly interactive knowledge sharing Hands-on application training. Worth for Students of widely-varying skill levels Observable interpersonal skills/feedback. What training method is the most useful and productive?Jim Campbell, Hudsons Bay Companys organisational management senior manager, said on the Canadas Learning and teaching Conference, that e-learning is not the be-all and end-all solution. His preferred approach is blended learning, where technology-assisted learning is integrated into to a greater extent traditional training methods. E-learning staff learned an important lesson when 5,000 binders of material meant as support for the online courses were distributed to employees, said David Wright, TD learning and development senior manager.About a year later, when wed travel to the different branches, wed still promise pack holding on to those binders. Wright said some employees were simply choosing to release out all of the online material and study it in paper form anyway. He says the company acknowledges that not everyone learns in the same fashion, adding e-learning is best unite with peer-assisted training and one-on-one coaching. A blended approach to learning is not always an easy sell.Banks are conservative organizations and many TD employees had a expectant time getting over a computer-phobia, Wright said. To this day, the company has to use shake tactics to get some of its employees to complete online courses, for example, when an online course is a pre-requisite for a seminar. In most midsize or large companies, internal training and development is viewed as a strategic imperative. Im all for the reincarnation person, says Lee Dailey, manager of executive and management development at unite Technology Corp.Dailey heads the Hartford, Connecticut, conglomerates Employee Scholar Program, a legendarily generous design under which every one of UTCs 200,000-plus employees is eligible for snow percent reimbursement of all educational costs, including tuition, registration fees and books. Courses do not soak up to be directly related to the participant s job. If youre an technologist for our Pratt & Whitney division and you want to study Middle Eastern religion, go ahead, Dailey says. In addition, employees are given three hours off each week to work at their studies or attend class.When employees earn a dot, they are awarded $10,000 worthy of company stock. Currently, 15 percent of UTCs workforce is enrolled. remnant year the company paid out $60 million, and it has spent $ cd million since 1996, when the scholar program was instituted in its current form. The program, Dailey says, has never been evaluated for ROI. Inherently, people understand that a better-educated workforce is a more productive workforce. This is the doctrine of longtime UTC CEO George David, Dailey adds. He wants the best-educated workforce on the planet. Training and continuing education are tracked at General Motors, says Jeff Johnson, director of benefit operations worldwide for the auto company. Under the firms Salaried Employees Tuition Assistance P lan, managers must get approval from their supervisors in the lead enrolling in courses that will earn them a desired undergraduate degree or advance their technical or managerial skills. Theyre very rarely turned down, Johnson says, adding that few employees want to waste their time or GMs capital on irrelevant courses.The yearly countersink at GM is $6,400 per individual for undergraduate education and $10,000 for postgraduate courses. Generally, large companies are the most generous with tuition dollars, but small and medium-sized companies do their best to keep up. Washington Trust Company, a 16-branch bank in Westerly, Rhode Island, gives tuition assistance to 70 of its 450 employees. Undergraduates must obtain a rank of at least C in their courses, and graduate students a B. choke year the company spent $73,000, and Kristen DiSanto, vice president for human resources, considers it money well spent.1. Workforce Management on the Web 2004. Pros and Cons of Training Modes. 1 7 Oct. 2004 2. Rola, Monika. Dont forget the human touch enterprises swap horror stories and best practices with their e-learning initiatives IT Training & Careers. Computing Canada 25 Apr. 2003. 17 Oct. 2004 3. Meisler, Andy. A event of Degree. Workforce Management May 2004. 17 Oct. 2004

Human rights Essay

The joined Nations defines forgiving justs as mightys inherent to only tender cosmoss, whatever our nationality, regularize of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, religion, language or either other status (OHCHR 2009). They atomic number 18 rights that atomic number 18 guaranteed to each(prenominal) pitying creations apparently because they are clement. When people split up tongue to of having a right or it is their right to excite this or that or to do that or the other, it is usually a reference to their kindity rights. To hire a right implies an entitlement to nearthing.Other people are obligated to give it to you and if this right is endangered or denied then you sens make special claims on policy-making, moral and amicable case that lead galvanize the bear on parties into action and obligate the person guilty of denying the rights to discharge them blush if they are not willing. Rights can whence be termed as rules of interaction mingled with persons guidelines on how valet de chambre should relate to each other. A violation of these rules is not only improper it may subject someone to special nonindulgent claims as easily as sanctions usually but not eternally at the discretion of the rights holder.Right holders are therefore not exclusively passive beneficiaries of their rights but are actively in control of them. It is deserving noting that mankind rights are not simply abstract principles such as equality, security or liberty. Rather, they refer to the social practices that have been instituted scarcely for the credit of those values and are recognized by faithfulness (Donnelly 2003, p. 7-8 11). The supranational treaties on charitable rights have summarized benevolent being rights under two categories civil and policy-making rights on one hand and socio-cultural and economic rights on the other.Civil and political rights constitute the freedom of assembly, freedom from torture, freedom of speec h, freedom from slavery and the right to a fair trial. On the other hand, socio- cultural and economic rights stretch step up the right to social security, the right to equal wages for the same feat irrespective of gender, right to leisure time with control of working hours, right to good health, right to free basic education and the right to steering out part in the corporation cultural carriage (Asher and Banks 2007, p. 4).The violation of humankind rights is more commonly referred to as human rights abuse. It may include material and sexual assault, mass killings, torture, unlawful detention, disappearances of persons, forced displacement among others. Asher and Banks (2007, p. 4) point out that abuses of socio- cultural and economic rights are not as easy to nab as civil and political rights violations but include forced labor, withhold of humanitarian relief supplies, destruction or seizing of property, and the various forms of discrimination.It is precisely because of these violations of human rights on a global scale that the international community sought to form treaties and declarations that would legally bind countries and compel them to solemnize human rights, thereby protecting all humans regardless of their place in society and their country of origin. However, before analyzing human rights in international relations, it is all important(predicate) to first of all understand their justification. Justification of human rights As primitively mentioned, human rights are guaranteed to humans simply by virtue of their being humans.They are equal rights, that is, one is either a human being or not. Therefore they moderate equally to all humans crosswise the board. They are also inalienable, that is, one cannot stop being a human even though he or she behaves in a alone inhuman way or conversely, is treated in an inhuman way of life (Donnelly 2003, p. 10). Some people may argue that human rights should not apply to certain categories of people especially those who behave in an inhuman way towards others. But since these people cannot stop being humans, their rights remain inalienable. frankincense even prisoners have their rights.However, it is worth noting that infringement of other peoples rights may cause one to loose some of his or her rights as a form of sanction. Our entitlement to human rights advances with the responsibility of ensuring that the rights of others are respected as well but even when some of these rights are taken away as a sanction for violations, it is well nigh impossible to forfeit all rights and one remains entitled to at least some cardinal rights whose violation may cause an outcry from human rights advocates never nous that this person has violated other peoples rights (Orend 2002, p. 7). This gives rise to the pass what justifies the holding of human rights? One of the grounds on which the holding of human rights is justified is the fact that it is intrinsic to human nature. We all share a core belief that it is profoundly and distinctly wrong to cause a fellow human being to suffer. The occasioning of such handicap and suffering is viewed as unjust and below what is expected of human behavior and can therefore not be tolerated at any cost. The only exception to this is if the harm inflicted is in self defense or defense of others.Thus human rights do not exist because of force or over-romanticizing of issues but simply because of an intrinsic compulsion to treat fellow human beings in a minimally civilized manner (Orend 2002, p. 69 73). This argument draws heavily from social morality. Human rights exist in the beliefs that are shared by humans crosswise the solid ground. They are a result of ethical customs and practices and their code into law only facilitate their application though they existed before the law (Orend 2002, p. 76).The grounding of human rights on morality and ethics has however come under criticism. Some people feel that moral norms a re an whoremonger that has subconsciously been entrenched into our thoughts and our language. This gives rise to the problem of justification. It is important for human rights to be grounded on an objective viewpoint rather than the subjectivity of others who wish to overthrow their beliefs on the rest of the populace (Gorecki 1996, p. 19). However, morality appears to be the silk hat grounds for justification of human rights.This is because morality and ethics are world(a)ly upheld and all societies have a code of conduct that implies respect for fellow human beings with some sanctions when these are violated. In deed as Gorecki (1996, p. 17-18) asserts, the inalienable rights of liberty, life as well as the pursuit of happiness as proclaimed in the American Declaration of Independence were not proclaimed because of the in born(p) thoughts of Thomas Jefferson or the imposition of the Continental Congress.They were given independent of any subjective views since every man has these inherent rights by virtue of their humanity. Thus in this sense, human rights are objectively justified. Other validations for human rights are based on religious principles. Such arguments usually posit that human rights are ordained by God and should therefore be discovered since not doing so would be in violation of Gods teachings. The grounding of human rights in religious teachings places them beyond interference by man or government.Such arguments have been referred to as metaphysical justifications and they place human rights justification beyond human design linking them to the supernatural (Edel 1978, p. 126 128). However, Orend (2002, p. 73) argues that the premise on which religious justifications are based are controversial as well as exclusionary and go against the principle of equality and universalism with respect to the aegis of human rights. A third human rights justification is based on the premise of legal positivism.Legal positivism implies that it is onl y those rights which have been sanctioned into law that are applicable and legitimate. Thus people are compelled to observe human rights lest they be punished by the law. The penalties for not obeying human rights are outlined and include imprisonment, the payment of fines and simply the burden of a vicious record. There are numerous declarations, charters and treaties which provide these legal guidelines for the countries and they apply crosswise the globe. However, Orend (2002, p. 4) points out a weakness in this justification, stating that in the event that some important human rights have not been ratified, then this may have a problem since people do not feel cause to observe them. Human rights and international relations Human rights are universal and are therefore guaranteed by international law. International human rights laws have been expressed through the formation of treaties, application of general human rights principles and customary international law among others .International laws on human rights obligate governments across the globe to act in certain ways or to cease from engaging in particular acts that may violate the rights of the citizens. This is done with a view to protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of all humans across the globe (OHCHR 2009). There are numerous international treaties, charters and declarations that have been internationally hold upon through numerous human rights conventions and which outline how international human rights will be handled.For instance, the 1945 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights bind 7 states that no one should be subjected to any inhuman, cruel or degrading treatment. Ignatieff terms this article as the juridical revolution of human rights. Other internationally recognized human rights documents are the 1948 geneva conventions, the 1949 Geneva conventions revision, the International convention on asylum of 1951 and the Universal Declaration of human rights (Ignatie ff et al 2003, p. vii). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.It is one of the most recognized human rights documents and outline basic rights and freedoms of the individual which are to be recognized globally (UN 2009). The Universal declaration of human rights- this great and inspiring instrument was born of an increased sense of responsibility by the international community for the progression and bulwark of mans basic rights and freedoms. The world has come to a clear realization of the fact that freedom, justice and world peace can only be assured through the international promotion and protection of these rights and freedoms.U Thant, Third United Nations Secretary- General, 1961-1971 (UN Cyberschoolbus, 2009) The above quote perhaps best exemplifies the commitment of the international community towards the promotion of human rights. The internationalization of human rights meant that they were no longer the pr eserve of the state but that the states were answerable to the international community for the treatment that they accorded their citizens. However, there is no decisive action with which to megabucks with states that violate international rights violations (Forsythe 2006, p. 5).

The Movie Django

Gary L. Willis AFRS 55T (T&emailprotected30) Dr. T. Hasan Johnson 02. 23. 13 Extra Credit The mental picture Django Unchained The objective of this paper is to review some of the results of the discussion-panels depth psychology of certain aspects of this word-painting that relate to the tap culture. On Thursday, February 21, 2013, I go to a panel discussion hosted by the Afri throw outa Studies Department of Fresno State University. It was conducted at the African American M theatrical roleum, Fresno California. Its purpose was to evaluate this movies termination on us (basically Black-Americans), by analyzing elements of this movie.This movie presents Black masculinity and muliebrity during the 1860s buckle downry era of America using typefaces that portray slaves as childlike and stupid (the Betina or DArtagnan), violent (the Mandingo or Django), hypersexual (Sheba) and cowardly (all the black phallic slaves). These slavery created representations of Black masculinity (t he Buck) and femininity (the Jezebel/Mulattoe) are relevant to Hip-Hop beca riding habit they are the predominate characters being proffered as entertainment in the sweep over majority of Hip-Hop flicks.The stereotypical persona of The Buck in the videos is the Gangsta/ ruffian and The Jezebel/Mulattoe is the Bitch/Ho both are slavery created stereotypes. The Jezebel/Mulatto (Bitch/Ho) The Buck (Gangsta/Thug) some other aspect of this movie relevant to Hip-hop culture is the word spade, used continuously in the movie, just as, its morphed version, Nigga is used incessantly by Hip-Hoppers, in conversation and in their videos.Since language is one of the sevensome essential element of all cultures, the usage of the word nigger was discussed by the panel and audience and as a result of this discussion, we agreed thatwithout the use of the word nigger, Django Unchained would not be authentic because, in this movie, nigger is a descriptive term, used to imbibe property, e. g. a sl ave or slaveswith no malice intended. Here are two examples, horse or horses and house or housesergo, nigger or niggers.The only character that uses nigger other than as a description of property is Stephen (the Uncle tomcat played by Samuel L. Jackson). He used the word nigger to demean his fellow black slaves. As with the movies use of nigger, the same can be said about Hip-Hop videos, they would lose its authenticity without the use of the word Nigga because Nigga in Hip-hop is a descriptive turn, but unlike nigger it versatility. For example, it can be used describe a relationship and its meaning changes depending on who is saying it and to whom.For example, in the movie when a Slave-master says My nigger, it does not pretend the same meaning as a Gangsta/thug or Jezebel/Mulattoe in a Hip-Hop video saying, My Nigga. The Slave-masters are describing their property, while the Hip-Hoppers are describing their relationships. During the audience participation parcel of land of t his discussion, a young black- man in the audience (Christopher Jackson) described how much(prenominal) the movie upset him.He also shared with us, the extent to which it made him date how horrible slavery was and how much suffering his ancestors had to endure so that he can enjoy the civil rights he has today. He said, Now I truly appreciate my ancestors and men like Martin and Malcolm, who made the ultimate pass on so that I can enjoy the freedom I have today. Personal Reflections If the motives for making Django Unchained are to make us certain of how much our ancestors suffered under the yoke of slavery and to make us care for our freedom then, Christopher Jacksons words are a volition to this movies success in both endeavorsIn decisivenessI, along with many participants in this discussion, enjoyed Django Unchained and hope that there provide be more movies made that expose the horrors of slavery, and that, also promote haughty images of black men and women. 1 . This paper was submitted as extra trust for AFRS 27, 55T and 144 2 . Heretofore, us, we, and our refers to Black-Americans 3 . Donald Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks

Ethics of Welfare and Government Assistance

Patrick Cassidy PHL 215 3/23/10 Ethics of Welf be and Government Assistance When the topic of welf be is brought into an honourable discussion nigh individuals would surely see it as an respectable stand for that genuinely helps those in ask. This is true to an extent, hardly is it possible that welf atomic number 18 does a good deal harm than good? Most would argue that the hand bug out of bullion to those less fortunate is being socially responsible. The wonder that drives this ethical trim is where does social responsibility end and personal responsibility pick up?This question is difficult to answer because e genuinely family in need is in a disaccordent situation. Government benefits are supposed to be utilize as a crutch for families to get back on their feet, but near twenty percent of all families receiving welfare stay on the course of instruction for more than five years. textbookbibliography-mark This is the base of ethical issues surrounding organisation assist and social responsibility for the needy. Many individuals guess that receiving a judicature hand-out allows great deal to become satisfied with being on welfare.If programs same(p) feed stamps and welfare arent effective, they are essentially a black slew for the tax dollars of working Ameri grasss. There is no denying the f bring that there are needy families out there who are so free that they need aid, but it is nearly impossible to separate the de chasteisers from the desperate. It is for this land many arguments squirt be made for both sides of authorities assistance. The nearly common question is, how far should a judicatures social responsibility spread out? The issue of government activity benefits derived from tax dollars is a strong ethical plight that has both social and economical repercussions. textbibliography-mark The first way to side at this problem from an ethical and moral point of view would be from the psychological egoist perspective . An egoist is a person who believes all that questions in moral issues are the elements that deal with self. They are believers that all pots decisions in life are found on selfishness. Therefore, if welfare were a charity, rather than a government run program, the psychological egoists of the world in all likelihood would most in all probability non contribute.On the other side of the coin, psychological opportunism would suggest that all wad who qualify for government benefits would endeavour to collect these benefits. That is where psychological self-consciousness waterfall short of defining on the nose how humans be fork over. Social stigmas associated with government assistance keeps some individuals from applying. This shows that selfishness takes a backseat to rob and dignity when placed against these moral values. The real problem with government programs like welfare, food stamps, and free lunch is that the line between assistance and benefits is very dull.For example, a man who makes enough funds to support his family may calm qualify for welfare. If the person solely spends their welfare checks on alcohol, cigarettes, and gambling is it factually helping them prosper? The reality is that any person has different security deposit for assistance. Welfare that may feel like warranted assistance for one family could be seen as excess unearned benefits for a different family. That is where the psychological self-centeredness perspective of all actions being driven by self-seeking falls apart. It also does not hold up against thoughts of clemency.If all people lacked com exonerateion in their actions the United States government would live never been able to pass a bill to create welfare and other tax-dollar funded assistance programs. textbibliography-mark There is another ethical theory that is based on people acting on self-interest, it is titled ethical self-centeredness. There are ternary different theatrical roles of ethic al egoism however, only two are actual theories on moral behaviors. The first is Individual ethical egoism. Individual ethical egoists believe that they should only act in self-interest, and that other around them should act out of their self-interest as well.This is the definition of being completely selfish, not only are you only looking out for yourself, but you promise others to help you along the way as well. In regards to government assistance, these people would likely complain about paying taxes for these programs, but also are very likely to want to use and abuse them. Another type of ethical egoism that exists is called universal ethical egoism. The main belief rump universal egoism remains the same as that of individual egoism individuals should only act out of their own self-interest.Where these two types of egoism differ is that universal egoism suggests that all people should act in a selfish manner, removing all altruistic acts from edict. If this type of egoism re ally depict the actions of all people, it is likely most people would favor the individual egoism theory, for they would desire to have everybody acting for their personal interests. Both of these types of egoism founding fathert give a realistic grasp of the American society when dealing with government assistance. These egoists would surely all desire government benefits, but they would have no desire to give back to the community.If everybody were solely out for themselves, there would be no government assistance because working tax-payers would forswear to fund such a thing. Therefore those that believe in egoism are likely against government assistance programs, but are sharp to reap the benefits if they qualify. The essential opposite to egoism is known as utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is based on the idea of morality revolving around creating the most good for the most people. When it comes to decision making surrounding utilitarianism actions are based on the consequenc es that ordain ensue from the action.When this type of thinking is applied to the government assistance problem, utilitarians would surely side with providing those in need with as much as possible. This is a difficult position, because the abusers of these programs are still going to be allowed to collect, but if allowing these programs to operate helps the most people, then utilitarians pass on be supportive of them. This theory on moral behavior is most definitely not an accurate representation of how society actually treats the despicable and needy.Most people would only like to assist individuals if they are controlling that they are desperate. The thought of people abusing the system drives many people to point out it. People are greedy, and want to make sure all their money is being spent the way they desire. Therefore, the amount of people who support utilitarianism is the tenability that these government assistance programs have been established. Greed and egoism are the apprehension that these programs are dysfunctional in many ways. textbibliography-mark Who is at speck for those who require assistance?The egoists would argue that if one acts solely on self-interest and still comes up empty, they have to sleep on the bed they have made. Utilitarianism argues the complete opposite all people as humanity are responsible for helping out each other. Since greed and materialism dominates American culture, it would be safe to say the egoists are winning this battle. Furthermore, by allowing abuse of government assistance programs it only advances the egotistical belief that the world is every man for themselves and to take all benefits possible.This is what drives most complaints within the system, the government not doing a good enough job of regulating these assistance programs. The issuing of government assistance is an ethical issued because it deals with multiple different opinions on the matter all based on morals. People who believe that ev ery family should have to earn everthing they receive are basing this reasoning finish off egoism. Those who feel that it is the duty of society to help those in need are basing their reasoning off of utilitarianism.The issues that most people bring up within the government assistance programs are that they are not managed and policed well enough. This is not a moral issue rather just issues of the government not doing all it can to make sure the right people are receiving assistance. Another reason that people have a large problem with assistance is because the government is in charge of it, and some people will go against anything that is government run. For these people there is no purpose in reasoning, they simply believe the government is out to get us all.The main reason people have such strong opinions on this matter is because those who work likely envision portions of their check being mailed to people who dont even attempt to land a job. This is what creates the social st igma associated with government assistance. In this day and age a country as braggart(a) and developed as the United States must look out for their impoverished population. The assistance programs offered may not have all the kinks worked out and may not be well liked by everybody, but there is no denying that these programs are helping more than they are hurting. Works Cited

Gerontology and Social Exchange Theory Essay

presentationThe fundamental biological problem that either theories of develop seek to beg off was stated very elegantly in 1957 by Williams when he wrote, It is and then remarkable that after a seemingly miraculous feat of morphogenesis, a complex metazoan should be unable to perform the much simpler task of precisely maintaining what is already formed. The difficulty in attempting to dedicate an taking into custody of maturement is that it is non a single physiological process. It is multifaceted and hierarchical in its observation with subtle changes occurring simultaneously at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels. The variety of characterizes some species, particularly humans, and the complexity of environmental interactions results in an enormous phe nonypic disagreement being associated with aging. This variability is frequently confounded by the symptoms of underlying pathology and incessantly increases amid one-on-ones with aging.First Transformatio n of TheoryThe beginning of cordial gerontology began as general perspectives on aging rather than as existing scientific theories. Prior to 1961, kindly gerontology attempted to explain how separates set to aging from role and performance perspectives. Growing grey-headed was seen as an essential process that led to the using of problems an individual insured over succession. It wasnt until 1961, with the development of disengold agement possibility, that there was an actual opening being used as a basis for scientific interrogation. A basic assumption of the theory was that all societies bemuse to take away power from an aging population to a younger one. Disengagement attempted to explain this process of power transfer and complimented gerotrancendence, a nonher theory from what is considered to be the first transformation of theory. Gerotrancendence follows the beliefs of Jung and Erikson that as a person ages, they withdraw from the extraneous world to an internal world focused on spirituality, wisdom, self-acceptance and purpose. Both disengagement and gerotrancendence theories attempted to explain what fond gerontologists supposition aging should be. They did not try to develop a universal theory to explain the variety of experiences of batch as they age (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011).In the campaign of disengagement, this withdrawal from power wasbelieved to be a universal experience that transcended sexuality and culture. Death was inevitable decline in abilities was probably. It was only natural that others would start lowered expectations for aging individuals. In the case of gerotrancendence, this withdrawal resulted from an individual not achieving ego identity. An individual would either attain this ego identity, a unconditional regard for their life sentence, or withdraw as a symptom of despondency (Andrus gerontology Center University of Southern California, 2005) A third theory of the time period was continuity theory, which po stulated that individuals tend to maintain a logical conventionality of behavior as they age, substituting equal types of roles for lost ones and keeping usual ways of adapting to the environment (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 319).Individual satisfaction was dependent on how consistent a person was able to maintain the equal patterns of behavior. Though attempting to argufy previous theories based on activity and disengagement perspectives, it also did not address any personality differences among aging individuals, nor did it address any constitution-making, affectionate, diachronic or cultural turns on the experience of aging (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011). It is interesting to spirit that though continuity theory attempted to challenge the activity theory, it was correspondent to the activity perspective that that was a positive relationship in the midst of genial roles and life satisfaction (Howe, 1987).Alternative Theoretical PerspectivesAlternative theories based on a sy mbolic interaction perspective were real to address external issues affecting aging while also attempting to connect the disparate theories of activity and disengagement. Symbolic interaction perspective is based on the premise that as an individual interacts with his environment his experiences of aging be shaped by these interactions. deuce-ace of these alternative theories be age stratification theory, accessible exchange theory, and the political economy of aging. There are many similarities and differences between these theories. fester stratification and political economy theories are based on the belief that as people age, the differences in their aging experience is signififannytly influenced by stratification. Age stratification acknowledges the differences experienced by those sharing a similar history. Similarities among life compensatets and societal changes experienced by these historicalcohorts affect these individuals in similar ways.In contrast, political ec onomy theory rejects all previous theories and posits that differences between individual experiences of aging are determined by social class. socioeconomic and political factors determine the disparity between different groups in an aging population. neighborly exchange theory is based on an economic cost-benefit simulation of social interaction. It could be said that there is a similarity between social exchange and political economy in that disparities experienced are social in nature. Whereas in social exchange theory, an individual is suasion to be able to influence or change ones environment as one adapts, political economy believes that inequalities are fortify into the political system. Political economy critiques the current system which lulls the individual into accept one has to adapt to circumstances, rather than changing societys geomorphologic inequalities.Of the alternative theories, social exchange is the only one to address the influence of culture on the exper ience of aging. amicable exchange theory believes that people interact with those whom they believe the rewards outweigh the costs of the relationship (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Though social exchange theory acknowledges that though a person may no longer withstand the same economic value when honest-to-god, that the older individual possesses other non-materialistic assets such as wisdom, love, and time for service. As our society modernized, these assets have been overlooked by a culture that now places richness on efficiency and productivity (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011).The Second TransformationThe second transformation was developed in the early 1980s. This transformation includes the following draw closees social phenomenology, social constructivism, and social constructionism. Both of which discuss the influence of social perceptions, rather than actual facts. Social phenomenology is an interpretative come out to an individuals social life on a day to day basis. The pur pose is to gain a crack understanding of the aging process and how it is influenced by social definitions and social structures. This approach can be a very helpful guide when gaining understanding of an individuals social life, depending on how the information is obtained. The outcomes for this approach go forth be solely based on the interpretations of the individual (s) obtaining this information. Noteveryone has the same social definition and or social structures, which could result in numerous interpretations (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). Social Constructionism and Social Constructivism are both phenomenological approaches that focus on social phenomena development, but are very different. Social constructionism is the sociological perspective and focuses on the social con text editions and structural development.This approach would view how an individual structures their life which shapes their old age experiences. Social constructivism is interpreting the meaning of an individual s social context, psychologically. From this approach the researchers want to know more information on why a person chooses a specific context and how an individual does steady down a specific social context (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). Critical Theory and libber Perspectives are also influenced by phenomenology. Critical theory refers to the biomedical form of aging, but focuses on structural and institution factors. This theory is suggesting that those (older people) participating in research studies should be allowed to come up with the questions they are requested to answer. For instance, research conducted regarding retirement would recommend a series of questions complied by other retirees (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). The womens liberationist Theory concludes that age related research outcomes involve inequalities against women.This theory suggests that women havent been included in research studies as they should be. Its even been stated that men have been favored over women. Due t o these inequalities all other theories of aging are insufficient. These inequalities also include gender with race, social class, sexual orientation, and disabilities, all of which arent discussed as much as they should be (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011). These theories are all based on assumptions, rather than actual facts. The text states, To positivist, phenomenological theories may seem impossible to test and closer to assumptions about meanings than propositions that can be proved or disprove (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 326).Society has a massive encounter on our perceptions of life, which arent consistent and change over time. A huge factor of perception is that its not necessarily reality and lacks proved facts. If the information being evaluated isnt consistent, lacks factual information, and is based on assumptions it shouldnt be used for practice, but could be a beneficial channelise tool (Hooyman& Kiyak, 2011).Postmodernist TheoryPostmodernist theory represents a crucial brea k with modernity or a positivist scientific approach to an objective truth (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 331). Postmodernism focuses on how our world appears today, rather than focusing on how an individual wishes for the world to be seen. Postmodernist theory reviews the whole of a persons experiences during their life time and examines the automobile trunk not from a biological standpoint, but rather by everyday social and cultural practices built overtime to construct the identity of the individual. The individual will physically change overtime, but their essential identity develops based on achievements and time to come goals. An electron orbit that continues to develop in postmodernist theory focuses on biomedical technology that can provide options for reconstructing failing body parts to indisposed the process of aging. Postmodernist and social constructivist theories share the link of knowledge as a socially constructed element and each individuals social life events create who they are. This diversity of perspectives alerts social gerontologists to be concerned with the connections between scientific inquiry and the social milieu at particular prestigious points in time (Putney, Alley, & Bengston, 2005, p. 95).Both areas focus on an individuals construct based on a cultural fabric of customs, traditions, and beliefs. Social constructionism and postmodernist take into account how individual experiences alter an individuals aging process allowing the person to develop their own reality. Each area stresses the importance of the individuals social framework to help assert their self-worth as they age. In contrast to political economy of aging, postmodernists focus on the well-being of an individual not from a social class or political standing, but from their life experiences. Structural factors of gender, sexual orientation, functional ability, race, age and class can have negative effects that limit an individuals later opportunities. According to H ooyman & Kiyak (2011), these structural factorsoften institutionalized and rein chock upd by public policylimit the opportunities and choices of later life, resulting in cumulative disadvantages in old age, which are further exacerbated by retirement (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2011, p. 323).These differences force aging individuals to change themselves and their lifestyles to fit income, health and physical care policy constraints forcedon them. Increased reduction in public health and social services creates a barrier for individuals to affectively age and receive proper(ip) care. Postmodernist theory follows the same framework of individual aging. It develops with the individual to befitting their needs on a personal level and takes into consideration what the body and mind have both gone through as they have aged. According to Powell (2011), older people are usually fixed to roles without resources which does not do justice to the richness of their individual experiences and multi-fac ets of their personalities (Powell, 2001, p. 6). Postmodernism clearly focuses on the importance of an individuals ability to develop overtime through experience and uses biomedicine to provide options for maintaining an individuals physical body. This provides a solid framework for aging that meets the needs of an individual from both physical and mental capacities. endpointWhile these are the dominant theories, many other theories are in varying stages of development. In addition, theories are constantly being tested and modified as new data from aging research emerges. It is only in the last half-century that researchers have begun to focus their attention on older adults as a population worthy of special consideration. While earlier theories of aging were few in number, narrowly focused, and generally negative, recent theories have emerged that establish aging as a multidimensional process. These theories view aging as characterized by positive as well as negative qualities and are more interactive in nature. They emphasize the interaction of biological, physical, and social factors in each individuals age trajectory, and attempt to explain how older adults can minimize the negative and maximize the positive aspects of aging, in graze to more fully enjoy the increased life span that comes with aliment in the 21st century.ReferencesAndrus Gerontology Center University of Southern California. (2005). The Psychology of senescent Lecture Part II. Retrieved from http//gero.usc.edu/AgeWorks/core_courses/gero500_core/psychology_lect/index_a.htm Hooyman, N. R., & Kiyak, H. A. (2011). Social Gerontology, ninth edition. Boston Allyn and Bacon. Howe, C. Z. (1987). Selected Social Gerontology Theories and Older Adult Leisure Involvement A Review of the

Attachment Theory and Child Essay

An bond paper is a two-way emotional bond in which plurality depend on each other for their sense of security. Although we forma fond regards through bewilder out our lives, psychologists argon particualry interested in the extensions formed between a peasant and his/her radical phencyclidine.1 This essay will examine the role of attachment in electric razorhood and its subsequent formation of sexual relationships.Most babies of mammals exhibit the give tongue to(prenominal) patterns as human infants they seek proximity to the mother and react with anxeity on seperation from her, which is the essense pf attachment behaviour. John bowlby believed that attachment was an innate pattern and it helped infants to survive. Bowlby had observed how pamper monkeys reacted with distress on sepearation from their mother for a brief period. The mother and fumble both called for each other. This shows that attachment is essential for survival however, it preserve be argued that qu ery relating to animals cannot be generalize to humans.Bowlbys theory of attachment is that tiddlerren flip a biological need to attach to their main phencyclidine as attachment helps serve the purpose of survival. The emotional relationship provides the infant with a set of expectations about relationships which stays with the minor throughout life this is cognise as the internal operative model, and is a pattern for relationships the child w happen up angiotensin-converting enzymethorn have in the future. If the child experiences love and affection, he/she will come to see him/herself as worthy of love and attention. This is the childs working model as Bowlby sees it. The working model will determine the childs relationship with other people and the way the child sees him/herself in the future. On the other hand, if the child experiences neglect or rejectionthey may trail a working model that is based on denial kind of than on reality. Such a working model may head neg atively to the the mental health of the child and the quality of their relationships with others in the future.bloody shame Ainsworth was a US psychologist who operationalised Bowlbys concept so that it could be tested empirically. She devised an experimental procedure called the stange line, which resulted in the classificatin of attachment patterns. In the eerie land site an observer shows the caregiver and child into a board and indeed leaves. The caregiver watches the child play and a stranger soon enters the room. The stranger sits silently at first then talks with the caregiver and then tries to act with the child.The caregiver leaves the room. This is he first seperation between the caregiver and the child. While the caregiver is absent the stranger continues trying to interact with the child. The caregiver returns and is reunited withnthe child. The stranger then leaves the room and the caregiver follows leaving the child alone. This is the second seperation. The stra nger enters the room and once again tries to interact with the child. The caregiver returns for a second reunification and the stranger leaves. The findings resulted in the classification of three attachment parts discussed below.Attachment figure A, avoidant, is when the child shows ap elicit indifference when the caregiver leaves the room, and avoids contact when the caregiver returns. The child is apparently not afraid of strangers. Mothers of event A children tend to be in comminuted and do not seem interested in their childs play. Attachment type B, securely attached, is when the child is upset when the caregiver leaves and is happy to see the caregiver return. The child is easily comforted by the caregiver.The mothers of type B children are very intersted in their childs play and actively support and communicate with the child during play. Attachment type C, ambivalent is when the child is very upset when the caregiver leaves the room, however, the caregiver finds it thorn y to sooth the child when they return. The child seeks comfort but at the same cartridge holder rejects it. mothers of type C children are inconsistent in their reactions to their children.Ainsworth concluded that the primary caregivers behaviour determines the attachment type of the child. A sensitive primary caregiver breaths to a securely attached child. Insecure attachment will lead to problems in later life. Jerome Kagan (1982) suggested that innate differences in childrens temperaments influence how the environment interacts with them. Another impact on attachment is the family luck that a child is part of. Achilds socio-economic environment has a major(ip) impact on the attachment type the child has. If a family is hit by povery the child may not recieve the necessary support and this could lead to a change in the attachment type. A risk part in the development of mental health seems to be a escape of formation of attachment to distinguished people during childhood.Acco rding to Goldberg (2000), the method is a unique combination of experimental and clinical methods. He he finds it a well standardised procedure which allows for natural interactions. Lamb (1985) claims that this widely utilise methodology is highly artificial and extrememly limited in terms of the occur of information gathered, and that it fails to take into circular the mothers behaviour. Marrone (1998) finds that although the strange blot has been criticized for being stressful-and indeed unethical- it is modelled on normal everyday circumstances when the caregiver must leave the infant for brief periods of timein unlike circumstances. However, it can be argued that exposing children to stress in experimental situations can be very different to everyday life.Van ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) carried out a major review of 32 world wide studies, involving eight countries and over 2000 infants. They found that there are differences within cultures in the distribution of type s A,B and C. For example, Japanese studies showed complete absence of type A, but a high proportion of type C. There sems to be a pattern of cross-cultural differences, so that type B is the roughly common cross-culturally. Type A is reletively more(prenominal) common in westbound European countries, and type C is reletively more common in Japan. He differences has been associated with differences in child-rearing. The results of these studies indicated that if we want valid interpretations of the strange situaton in a cross-cultural setting, we need to have good knowlege about child rearing.The cross-cultural harshness of the strange situation methods of assesing attachment and the blind drunking of the classification classifications themselves has been questioned. The meaning of the strange situation has been challenged, in that it focuses on o the measurement of the attachment in terms of the infants reaction to the seperation and the subsequent reunion with the caregiver. I t does not take into account that the meaning of seperation may differ across cultures. Japanese children are rarely seperated from their primary caregivers and so the seperation may be a very strange situation for the child. this may mean something completely different to Japanese mothers and children than to American infants and mothers.Bowlbys internal working model assumes that although the model can be modified, it remains relativey stable throughout the lifespan. Hazen and Shaver (1987) were one of the first researchers to explore Bowlbys attachment theory in relation to adult romantic relationships. They found the attachment theory a rich perspective on adult love because it could explain both optimistic and negative emotions.Hazen and Shaver translated Ainsworths three attachment styles to make them desirable for adult relationships. Then they devised a love quiz in a local newspaper and ask respondents to indicate which of the three patterns best exposit their feelings toward romantic relationships. A self selected sample of 620 people, aged 14-82 years, responded to the love quiz. The mean age was 36 years. There were 205 males and 415vfemales. A second study utilise a sample of 108 college students. The researchers found that 60% of the respondants showed a secure attachment style and 20% showed the anxious ambivalent pattern, and 20% showed the anxious avoident pattern. The research also asked the respondents to describe their parents parenting style. People who were seecurely attached had said their parents were responsive and attentive, people who were anxious-ambivalant had rejecting and inattentive parent.Hazen and Shaver theorised that romantic love shares important similarities with early attachment relationships. They also found that differences in adult attachment wre related to how people felt about themselves. Although the researchers found some correlation coefficient between parenting style and attachment paterns, they went agains t drawing too many conclusions as this would be deterministic. In fact, it seems that as people get older, they are more likely to to be able to develop their own outlook and onward motion to life.The study was ased on a self selected sample and can therefore not be representative. Self report data is not ceaselessly reliable, and since the study was carried out in the western world it cannot be generalised to everybody across different cultures.It can be seen through the strange situation that majority of infants are likely to develop an attachment type B, although, it is mostly dependant on factors such as temperment, socio-economic factors, and parent styles. In addition, it can also be seen that the attachment style developed as a child can have a large impact on the attachment style involved in the formation of subsequent parent relationships.

Reminiscences of the Japanese Occupation

In his seventies, Mr Rajoo is my uncle. He showed great fervor and related his experience in Tamil during the 3 hours discourse. His accounts shed jobless on the ways how individuals inject meanings to a particular subject. Background Mr Rajoo was natural in 1930. He was the second son in a family of 10 children. His family lived in a vill eld in Sembawang which was near to one of the marine Base which was owned by the British. When the Nipponese invaded capital of Singapore, Rajoos family staying in trade union of Singapore then they moved as far as Tampinese. His family use a bullock cart to transport some of their properties.They stayed away from their rest home for a year. Then they returned to their village. So he had a chance to feel the Nipponese get hold in some other parts of Singapore as well as his own hometown. The Dark Years of Nipponese occupation The impending presence of the Nipponese on Mr Rajoos daily lifetime was felt as early as 1941. As a 11 years old boy, his family and he faced severe shortage of pabulum and other necessities like medical. ( Q1 ) When the British surrendered, they did non want Nipponese to jazz the fruit of their labour. All the sift in the warehouse was sprayed with limestone.As limestone is white, the Nipponese did not suspect any foul play by the British . So those who ate the rice had diarrhea . lacquerese took over much of the foodstuffs and other goods for the use of their army. Due to the food shortage, essential food stuffs like rice, season and sugar were swearled. Ration cards which limited the amount of food for each(prenominal) person was given out. ( Q4 ) His family lived on a simple diet and ready other food substitutes for those food items which were scarce. Tapioca and sweet potatoes were used as substitutes for rice ( Q3 ) and palm oil or coconut oil was used as cooking oil.Even in schools pupils grew and took care of the vegetable plots. This was the widespread situation in S ingapore during the Syonan-To years. Many historians keep back written about the food scarcity during the Syonan rule. There are a lot of evidence to state that during the Japanese rule, many masses suffered from malnutrition and diseases as they did not have well fit meal. Those taken as prisoners of war also suffered under the iron clutches of the Japanese and many died out of malnutrition. Transport during the Japanese reignMr Rajoo rec e very last(predicate)s bicycles being wide used as mode of transport during the Japanese reign. (Q6) So much so that even after the Japanese surrender, Rajoo and the other villagers working in the Sembawang Shipyard used bicycles as mearns of transport to travel to work. Tri-shaw which consisted of a bicycle with a side-car attached for a fare-paying passenger replaced the former richshaw. He stated that the Japanese bicycles had only thin solid rubber tyres. He also rec whollys in the interview to have seen a lot of motorcars before the Jap anese rule and not during the Syonan-To period.Some historians state that there mustiness have been tens of thousands of vehicles, many pertly and the majority of the rest in good condition were used by the Japanese. These great fleet of transport fell to the Japanese as booty, when they captured Singapore. However, the wishing of spare parts, or technical skill, or both, made the fleet go down rapidly to a deplorable state so much so that it almost faded by the time the Japanese surrendered. Transport was a big problem for the local people tthroughout the Occupation. (1) The Japanese were in control of the worlds rubber and many oil fields. 2) They forced many motor vehicles to run on coal gases or inferior gasoline made from vegetable sources. Public vehicles dwindled and cars ceased to be available for almost all other than Japanese. School Experiences Mr Rajoo recalled how he had to learn Japanese language in his school. He could still recall some Japanese sentences. ( Q5 ) It is remarkable to have sex that even after 60 years he is able to concoct some Japanese sentences. (Q5) All this had been instilled in the young minds at a very tender impressionable age to gain peoples allegiance .School children were taught to face the direction of Tokyo where the Japan Emperor resided and chirp the Japanese Anthem. (Q5 ) So the Japanese tried to influence the school children to acquire patriotic towards Japan. This is another aspect of their rule where they tried out propagandas. some(prenominal) historians have concurred the same evidence regarding the Japanese intention to remove the western sandwich influence and premote the Japanese culture and values. Japanese lessons were published in the newspapers and place over the radio. In order to encourage people to learn the Japanese language, job privileges and extra allowances were given.Different methods were used to influence the minds of the people in Singapore. tuner stations were controlled by the J apanese and radio sets were sealed so that people could only listen to local broadcasts. Those caught tuning in to foreign bare stations were severely penalize or killed. Through the interview, I complete that Rajoos family and the villagers also did not own any radios. They were afraid of being penalise. Japanese The Disciplinarians Tthroughout the Syonan-To rule, the people were constantly living in fear because the Japanese took harsh action to establish control over the people.Those caught looting were grab or beheaded and their heads were displayed at public places. Those who were passing by must witness such a scene if not they forget be called back to look directly at the decapitated head. ( Q8 ) Barbed cable was also put up across roads to form roadblocks. The Japanese guards would make the people passing by to bow to them as a sign of respect. Anyone who did not do so would be slapped, killed or punished in some ways. When the children forget to show respect to the J apanese soldiers, these soldiers impart use their knuckles to hit on the childrens forehead .Those sthrong workforce found at home not working will be immediately sent to work. ( Q8 ) Those who were sick should still report to work. They despised manpower idling. The Japanese Treatment of the 3 main races in Singapore gibe Mr Rajoo the Chinese suffered the most during the Japanese Occupation. Many Chinese in Singapore had sent money to help China fight Japan. So the Japanese wanted to weed out the anti-Japanese sentiment among the population. They carried out the Sook Ching Operation. They ordered all Chinese men between 18 to 50 years of age to report at the mass screening centers. Then the men will be questioned.The Japanese, however, had no proper way of finding out who were against them. Those who the Japanese thought were against them were taken away in lorries. Thousands of Chinese were taken in this way to Changi Beach or other beaches where they were shot. ( Q7 ) Some Ch inese who very desperate to save their lives disguised themselves as Indians or Malays to avoid the exam of the Japanese soldiers. Mr Rajoo recalled that Japanese were not overly suspicious of Indians nor the Malays. However, anybody who were thought to have acted against the Japanese interest were severely dealt with.They will be either punished or killed. (Q7) Japanese role in instigating nationalistic feeling fit in to Mr Rajoo, the Japanese associated Indians in Singapore with Gandhi and his movement in India. Gandhi was fighting for Indias freedom from the British Colonial power. Japanese told the Indians in Singapore that Japan would help India to get rid of the British rulers. They also wanted all Indians to join the Indian National Army to fight the British in India. Subhas Chandra Bose, the founder of INA was allowed to come to Singapore to collect funds for his establishment.Historical facts also seemed to ratify the relevance of his statement. From the interview, Mr Ra joo didnt portray as someone anti-Japanese. Probably his family and he did not really undergo much torture by the Japanese. He definitely seemed to have welcomed the Japanese for one reason. The Light of the South From the interview one would deduce that Mr Rajoo sthrongly feels that the Japanese brought on the nationalistic fervor among the citizens. ( Q9 ) ultranationalistic feeling caught onto some people like the forest fire and the zest for independence was ignited due to Syonan-To.

Qualities of a Good Book Essay

Personally, I mobilize the qualities of a effectual carry are many, and diverse. To be good, I stand for a daybook should join to life experiences, stop the audience something they can relate to and empathize with, to help them learn something that impart help them in their life. Yet, the book should do this in such a way that not scarcely does it act as a window into the human world, insofar besides glumer escapism. It should have a cite that the readers can identify with, in a way that they imagine what it is like to be the character themselves.Though, the character should be normal enough to identify with, in so far special enough to go on adventures (in fictional books) and unique in their own ways. other accompanimentor that comes into play in the qualities of a good book is the fact that it should captivate the reader should be wholly absorbing and keep the readers not only interpretation the first few pages unless reading process the very end. I myself have left many books through the middle, visual perception as they had lost my interest.A good book should have a very unique original plot and story line. The readers should be cap fitted to enjoy what they are reading and to do that the story must be original, since I (and presumably many others) find no pleasure in reading books with similar or identical plots of situations. Not only that, entirely the plot must have twists and tensions to make the book more harmonic to the human minds analyzing it. A good plot never comes without tensions in my bakshis of view- it should be a whole package.The book should keep the readers on edge, reading and turning page after page wanting to know what will go past next. That, for me, is the post important quality a book should have. It is quite easy to get the interest of many people into reading a book, but to have the readers finish it anxiously till the very shoemakers last page is something that betroths skill, talent and quality, and n ot all have those critical traits. Thus, tensions to give voice the least, are a must, since the book should give you something to think about. A good book is unpredictable.Whats the point in reading a book where one can easily predict the ending, or the future events that were to happen? The book should keep your mind flooded with options, keep the reader pondering, yet at the same time throw the reader completely off guard when the time comes. It should be exciting, surprising, flabbergasting and memorable the reader should absentmindedly be able to causally cross a situation and remember and think of the book. A gigantic book is inexhaustible, so no reading of it is a final reading, and no discussion ever runs it dry.You can never range youre done with it except in a provisional sense. If you take a break and come back to it, youll find more in it. Good grammar and style are also very important- A great(p) book is well crafted. For me, I like to read the best which has been theme and said. For us, the two have to go together. It needs to be clear and groovy to the point- the reader must understand it with undying clarity. What if somebody had a great idea but wrote about it badly?We need to be able to lean on every sentence, and not have it suddenly give way and crumble beneath the weight of our analysis. The style is also important, as well as the meaning behind the words. I should be clear, yet with a twinge of mysterious in it, yet not parry and baffle the reader with bad grammar or sequencing. Well, he said this, but maybe he meant something else. Last but not least, I think a good book should always have romance and drama. If not, even a little romantic twist always fills in the invalidate gaps, dont you think?

American Pride

For the Statesns, folk 11 was a fantastic day of abject horror for both themselves as privates and for their nation as a whole (Gillespie 3). As we all can agree that America hasnt been the same since that day. The day when the s push throughh and north towers of the adult male hatful Center came crashing down making a distinct organization target to describe our countrys hi tier as onwards 9/11 to afterwards 9/11. After this Americans were questioning their own individual identity, national identity and patriotism towards their country.Americans needed guidance, encouragement and strength and thats where some music industries came to the rescue and stepped up. Yes, there were a few workman that did play tributes or wrote call options for September 11, 2003, but there was one that took out un wish well the rest, Toby Keith. Toby Keiths birdcall Courtesy of the Red, etiolated and Blue expresses inspiring American patriotism with the relevance of what Americans faced after the tragedy of September 11,2003. Toby Keith has always been seen as a undefeated musician for all music genres with his major record labels and touring all somewhat for almost eight years.Keith was always humble about his fame and fortune when others want he would respond that he is no different than anybody else (Gillespie). Six months before September 11, a tragedy had hit a lot ambient to home for Keiths father was killed in a hit and last accident. All the anger, frustration and sadness was overwhelming for Keith. Instead of lash outing mortal or something with anger or blame he decides to write the song Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue that would strike much more mean behind the lyrics. Keith decides to write this song as an outline for a story after 9/11 and includes his father who was an Army veteran.He uses a process of unconscious and conscious identification for his listeners to take from the song (Gillespie 12). consciously his listeners pull up stakes see h is opinions and judgment for our nation and army while unconsciously they will take their own meaning by to their personal eff on 9/11. From the very beginning, Keith sets a high state of pride and patriotism. He begins the song by saying American men or women will always stand firm up and salute defining their nurse for our nation(Keith). He didnt want to just have focus on the national patriotism but relate to his father and the people who march in our troops.He begins to mention the f routine that we do have soldiers who have died for the country but justified it so that we can sleep in peace at night(Keith). Toby is all the way a proud superstar of our army standing by that our troops are fighting for a reason(Gillespie 9). He continues to tell the story of his father, who lost his right eye in the army, and yet still flew the American flag out in their footstep till the day he died. Seeming to be random to total in his song but Keith is telling us to still stand by our n ation even if something does go wrong.Of course corresponding to September 11, Keith calls the nation to act on after we have been fallin under attack(Keith). For us to tell the intruders that were going to lit up your world(Keith). To act like the fourth of July, when we take action. Him choosing these concrete words of a reliable national independence holiday enfaces that he wants us to act like our our fathers and forefathers did to get the independence we live in today. He also carries in the song the notion of sacrifice, service and freedom as a rejoinder to September 11 events(Gillespie 10).Keith sings how now that the nation that he loves has had a the right way sucker-punch came flying in from somewhere in the back relevance to terrorists crashing into the World Trade Center towers. He tells how the bulldog will fight relating it to our join States army ordered to war by the President Bush(Keith). You can clearly hear the angry in his voice when he continues to say that we will talk about how the army is going to fight for justice when he describes that they will feel as if the world is raining down on them(Keith).Music is essentially a medium process of an individual or communitys identification expressed within the music. Keiths song can definitely be said he interplays with the recognition on individuals level and community level for our nation. He elaborates, narrates and communicates on the remembrance of September 11 and our national patriotism that followed. He wheel spoke louder than any other artist could that inspired many to take a stand for our nation which made an everlasting difference.