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History of Plato EssayPlato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian mansion with a rich history of policy-making connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos p arents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. The biographical customs duty is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, alone later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that quondam(prenominal) during Platos youth the phi losopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic reckoners such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the proveations of his metaphysics and epistemology.Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a stately character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to existence just and, ultimately, happy.It is diffifurore to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a governm ent by Sparta (after the chaos of Athens final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the direction of his thinking. Following the turmoil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny known as the Thirty Tyrants governed Athens.Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy make a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis.Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnes ty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the persist of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being profoundly anti-democratic.In what appears to be a liaison of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and gentle in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Platos Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets.When Socrates told the speak to that if set free, he would non stop this pract ice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, reasonably jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates.At this point Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and fatigued the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from where he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From there he went to Italy to s tudy with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt.Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were write is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus near how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387.These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written through out this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. soon thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a straight-laced grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this school became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda.Indeed, Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and intercourse as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the next twenty six yea rs Platos philosophical venture became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo.These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the atomic number 19 metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, departure his son as the supreme ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to serve as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the situation unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway.In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same tim e, Platos most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went keep going to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Platos life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his years conversing and writing.During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning unt il it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.