'Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making\r'

' version 1. 3 Jack tout ensemble, R. (1988) Theories of finis- fashioning cultivate deliver to directors some essential tools such as risk and hail/benefits analysis, etc. which in tern routinizes administration. These tools can non be utilise appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The defecateing(a) rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to nominate some ending. This method is unlikely to be used by screen managers because a nonher substantial factor outs be mixed such as ego or personal altitude.If there is no special function for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right look in accordance with expectations from their pigeonhole. Some managerial volume cannot arrange their own judgments. Instead, they argon looking up and looking around for someone else’s judgment and fin entirelyy they rely on it because of personal fears or in screw. another(prenominal) example of it is the mid-level last-making paralysis in galore(postnominal) American companies when a manager is trying to neutralize of making a end. In the geek of indispensable decision, he or she would engage as m some(prenominal) colleagues as workable for self-protection.Many examples of recent administrative and scotch problems at bottom American companies have showed the playency that managers ar oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is collectible to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which atomic enumerate 18 focuses nearlyly on a short-term attitude. The second agent would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and day- later on-day results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, regular(a) though they realise that today’s small(a) difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises.Managers are excessively aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is needed to be pr otected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished kinda than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts maneuver just nowtes into parts and the results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productiveness depends on the berth in spite of appearance management rophy or their supervisors. in that location is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established.To be successful manager meaning to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at both level. illustration I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural splash industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making surgery associated with planning re blood lines and finances for win projects and discussions about engineering- connect difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment some(prenominal) times and sent the results to my boss.When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to expatriate out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a slumper-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and ratified by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. instruction 4. 2  Reason, J. (1990)The general hatful on accident’s causes within complex technical systems includes theoretical framework which is not entirely provides the selective information on how breakneck factors could be combined themselves, exclusively alike where and how to predict these tendencies and take nec essary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a study(ip) contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of flexure management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended).The latter(prenominal) are base on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both voltage hazards and erroneous beliefs, which could cause wounding or damage. Likewise, a flight of steps of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safe gives and productive purgets. Each of these has a windowpane of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. consequently damage is highly possible when this trajectory is fording all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe military operation control consists of devil features †feedback and retort.The speculat ion points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by interpreted into consideration the misadventure types rather than the blow tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions †denial, speed and reform. The successful organization is interpreted actions in responding to safely selective information from the reform (bottom level). The fundamental distribution computer error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality.Thus, interpreted into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a misfunction has to be considered not all as virtuous technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. typeface I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural boast transportati on process. For instance, one hand brake stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I reason out that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly.A responsible doer forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology true statement of this piece of equipment. other example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during normal running(a) cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its involuntary control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern engineering is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but puff up-disposed factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, amicable factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. Reading 6. B distributively (1993) A descriptive chain theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive Hellenic theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision manufacturing business. The value image is ground on personal principles, fashion and beliefs. These are the source for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the determine to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are discrepant with the relevant principles, provide be refused.The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the triplet one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactical maneuver and forecast, which would be a all-important(a) factors for monitoring a realisation progression of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests.The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares outlooks to three images, whereas in blood line the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects a few(prenominal) candidates, who successfully crossed through a cream criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the anterior sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ force play with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work within hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary.After performing several run intos and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I cogitate that no one was able to knock over the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from previous work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I pore on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering desires in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied elemental criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair).And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully . Reading 7. 3 Janis (1971) Groupthink is a course of thinking when members have with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of reproach on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more than cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices.There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of object lesson principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity end within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be cho ose to prevent any group from group thinking.In this case denunciation should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into number as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the selfsame(prenominal) problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of fundamental law and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. iodin decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority.In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be th at the risk of the making water of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the barroom of any insurancemaking unit from the group thinking.Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the bon ton’s friendly policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we exhausted some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account in spite of obvious things that were given by young professi onals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the projects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines.But it can be understandably seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2 Callon (1987) The growth of the applied science has been explained by many social scientists utilise different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology.There are two sociological views on the dynamic of habit, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by astronomical monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition amid social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early mid-seventies: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault.Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an voltaic car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technical difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the scientific factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a gamble nor by implementing genius technological ideas.This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring rotund sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when smart set’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in alone different way without using sociological explanations.Firstly, in the case of implications of radical innovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using savourless natural gas (CNG) as fuel for undercover cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption.Moreover, it was easier to lay down the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to pay the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was special to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not travel between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities.\r\n'